Decoding the Genetic Diversity and Population Dynamics of Phalaris minor Through ISSR and SCoT Markers

Abstract

Phalaris minor is a noxious weed that thrives in wet soils and swamps across various habitats in Iran. Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers are effective tools for assessing both intra- and inter-species genetic variations. The relationship between geographical distribution and ecological adaptation in this genus has long been debated. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of P. minor populations in Iran using ISSR and Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers to assess genetic variation within and between populations of this taxon. A total of 11 populations of P. minor were sampled. Genomic DNA was extracted from dried leaf samples using a modified Cetyl Trimethyl-Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) protocol. Seven ISSR and two SCoT primers, selected for their reliability and polymorphism, were employed. Genetic diversity indices, the correlation between genetic and geographical distances, and genetic differentiation within and among populations were analyzed. A high level of genetic diversity was observed in P. minor populations. The highest genetic diversity (61%) was found within populations, while genetic diversity between populations accounted for 39%. Genetic distance increased with geographical distance. The observed genetic diversity in P. minor may result from genetic drift, gene flow, and adaptation to environmental conditions.